Myths of Babylonia and Assyria, by Donald A. MacKenzie, [1915], at sacred-texts.com
Myths of Babylonia and Assyria, by Donald A. MacKenzie, [1915], at sacred-texts.com
Vowel Sounds:--ä, as in palm; ā, as in late; ă almost like u in fur; e, like a in fate; ē, as in he; i, as e in me; ī, as in sigh; ō, as in shore; ü, as in pull; u, as in sun; ÿ, as in dye.
Ä, Āä, Äi, Sumerian names of moon, 301; Ea as, 31.
Ää, the goddess, consort of Shamash, 57, 100.
Aäh, Egyptian name of moon, 301.
Abijah (a-bī´jah), King of Judah, 402, 403.
Abraham, 12; the Isaac sacrifice, 50; period of migration from Ur, 131, 245; association of with Amorites, 246; conflict with Amraphel (Hammurabi) and his allies, 246, 247; Babylonian monotheism in age of, 160; Nimrod and in Koran, 166, 167, 349, 350.
Achæans (a-kē´ans), the Celts and, 377; in Crete and Egypt, 378; Pelasgians and, 393; the Cyprian and Assyria, 484.
Achæmenian (a-ke-men´ian), Cyrus called an, 493; Darius I claims to be an, 496. See Akhamanish.
Adad (äd´äd), deities that link with, 35, 57, 261, 395; in demon war, 76.
Adad-nirari I (äd´äd-ni-rä´ri), of Assyria, 362, 363.
Adad-nirari III, 396.
Adad-nirari IV, King of Assyria, Babylonian influence in court of, 419; as "husband of his mother", 420; innovations of, 421; Kalkhi library, 422; "synchronistic history", 423; Nebo worship, 435,436; as "saviour" of Israel, 438, 439; Urartu problem, 439, 440.
Adad-nirari V, 442.
Adad-shum-utsur (äd´ad-shüm-ü´tsur), King of Babylonia, as overlord of Assyria. 270.
Adam, "first wife" of a demon, 67; the shining jewel of, 185.
Adapa (ä´dä-pä), the Babylonian Thor, 72, 73.
Addu (äd´dü), as form of Merodach, 160.
Adonis (ä-dō´nis), Tammuz and myth of, 83, 84; antiquity of myth of, 84; blood of in river, 85; the boat or chest of, 90, 103; "the Garden of", 171, 172; slain by boar, 294, 304.
Afghans, skull forms of, 8.
Ages, the mythical, Tammuz as ruler of one of the, 83, 84; Greek flood legend and, 195, 196; the Indian and Celtic, 196; in American myths, 198; Babylonian and Indian links, 199; in Persian and Germanic mythologies, 202, 203; various systems compared, 310 et seq.
Agni (ăg´nee), Indian fire and fertility god, 49; Nusku and, 50; links with Tammuz, 94; eagle as, 168, 169; Nergal and, 304; the goat and, 333; Melkarth and, 346.
Agriculture, mother worship and, xxix, xxx; cults of Osiris-Isis and Tammuz- Ishtar, xxxi; early Sumerians and, 2; in Turkestan and Egypt, 6; early civilizations and, 14; Herodotus on Babylonian, 21, 22; irrigation and river floods, 23, 24, 26; deities and water supply, 33; Tammuz-Adonis myth, 85; weeping ceremonies, 82 et seq.; Nimrod myth, 170; demand for harvesters in Babylonia, 256.
Agum (ä´güm), Kassite kings named, 272 et seq.
Agum the Great, Kassite king, recovers
from Mitanni Merodach and his spouse, 272.
Ahab, King of Israel, 405-407, 408, 473. Ahaz, King of Judah, fire ceremony practised by, 50; sundial of and eclipse record, 323, 450; relations with Assyria, 452, 453, 459.
Ahaziah (a-ha-zī´ah), King of Israel, 408-410.
Ahür´â Măz´da, eagle and ring symbol of, 347; Ashur and, 355; Cambyses and, 495; identified with Merodach, 496; reform of cult of, 497.
Air of Life, Breath and spirit as, 48, 49.
Akhamanish (a-khä-măn´ish), the Persian Patriarch, 493; Germanic Mannus and Indian Manu and, 493; eagle and, 493.
Akhenaton (a-khen-ä´ton), foreign correspondence of, 280 et seq.; Assyrian King's relations with, 285; Aton cult of, 338, 422; attitude of to mother worship, 418, 419.
Akkad (ak´kad). Its racial and geographical significance, 1; early name of Uri or Kiuri, 2; early history of; 109 et seq.
Akkad, City of, Sargon of, 125 et seq.; Naram-Sin and, 128, 129; in Hammurabi Age, 256; observatory at, 321. Also rendered Agadé.
Akkadians, characteristics of, 2; culture of Sumerian, 2, 3, 13; the conquerors of Sumerians, 12.
Äku, moon as the "measurer" 301.
Akurgal (ä-kür´gal), King of Lagash, son of Ur-Nina, 118.
Alban, the British ancestral giant, 42.
Aleppo (a-lep´po), Hadad worshipped at, 411.
Alexander the Great, Southern Babylonia in age of, 22, 23; his vision of Tiamat, 151; myths of, 164; the eagle and, 167; Gilgamesh and, 172; water of life, 185, 186; Brahmans and, 207, 208; welcomed in Babylon, 497; Pantheon of, 497; death of, 498.
Algebra, Brahmans formulated, 289.
Allatu (al´lä-tü). See Eresh-ki-gal.
Alu (ä´lü), the, tempest and nightmare demon, 65, 68, 69.
Alyät´tes, King of Lydia, war against Medes, 494; Median marriage alliance, 494.
Ä´mä, the mother goddess, 57, 100.
Amaziah, King of Judah, 448, 449.
Amel-marduk (ä´mel-mär´duk), "Evil Merodach", King of Babylon, 492.
Amenhotep III (ä-men-hō´tep) of Egypt, 280; Tushratta's appeals to, 282.
Amon, wife of, 221; the "world soul" belief and, 329.
Amorites, Land of. See Amurru.
Amorites, Sargon of Akkad and, 125-127; in pre-Hammurabi Age, 217; Sun cult favoured by in Babylon, 240; Moon cult of in Kish, 241; blend of in Jerusalem, 246; raids of, 256; as allies of Hittites, 284, 363, 364; Philistines and, 380; "mother right" amongst, 418.
Amphitrite, the sea goddess, 33. Amraphel (äm´ra-phel), the Biblical, identified with Hammurabi, 131, 246, 247.
Amurru (am´ür-rü), land of Amorites, 127; Sargon and Naram Sin in, 127-129; Gudea of Lagash trades with, 130; Elamite overlordship of, 248.
Amurru, the god called, Merodach and Adad-Ramman and, 316.
Anahita (ana-hi´ta), Persian goddess, identified with Nina-Ishtar, 496.
An´akim, "sons of Anak", the Hittites and, 11, 12.
Anatu (an-ä´tü), consort of Anu, 138. Anau, Turkestan, civilization of and the Sumerian, 5; votive statuettes found at, 5.
Ancestral totems, annual sacrifice of, 294; in Babylonia and China, 295.
Andromeda (an-drom´e-da), legend of, 152.
Angus, the Irish love god, 90, 238.
Animal forms of gods, 134, 135.
Animism, xxxiii; spirit groups and gods, 35, 294 et seq.; fairies and elves relics of, 79, 80; stars and planets as ghosts, 295, 304; star worship, 317; Pelasgian gods as Fates, 317.
"Annie, Gentle", the Scottish wind hag, 73.
Annis, Black, Leicester wind hag, 73, 101.
An´shan, Province of, Sargon of Akkad conquers, 127; Cyrus, King of, 493
An´shar, the god, in group of elder deities, 37; Anu becomes like, 124; in Creation legend, 138 et seq.; Ashur a form of, 326, 354; as "Assoros", 328; as night sky god, 328; identified
with Polar star, 330, 331; as astral Satyr (goat-man), 333; Tammuz and, 333; his six divinities of council, 334.
Anthat (änth´at), goddesses that link with, 268.
Anthropomorphic gods, the Sumerian, 134-136.
Anu (ä´nü), god of the sky, demons as messengers of, 34, 77; in early triad, 35, 36; among early gods, 37; Brahma and, 38; links with Mithra, 55; other gods and, 53, 57; as father of demons, 63; solar and lunar attributes of, 53, 55; wind spirits and, 72, 73, 74; in demon war, 76; as father of Isis, 100; Ur-Nina and, 116; as father of Enlil, 124; as form of Anshar, 125, 328; high priest of and moon god, 130; during Isin Dynasty, 132; in Creation legend, 138 et seq.; Merodach directs decrees of, 149; Etana and eagle in heaven of, 166; in Gilgamesh legend, 173 et seq.; in Deluge legend, 190 et seq.; planetary gods and, 304; zodiacal "field of", 307; the star spirits and, 318; as Anos, 328; as the "high head", 334; Sargon II and, 463.
An´zan. See Anshan.
Apep (ä´pep), the Egyptian serpent demon, 46, 156.
Aphrodite (af-rō-dī´tē), boar lover of slays Adonis, 87; lovers of, 103; the "bearded" form of, 267, 301; birds and plants sacred to, 427; as a fate, 427, 433; legends attached to, 437.
Apil-Sin (ä´pil-sin), King, grandfather of Hammurabi, 242.
Apis bull (ä-pis), inspiration from breath of, 49; Cambyses sacrifices to Mithra, 495.
Apsu-Rishtu (ap´sü-rish´tü), god of the deep, like Egyptian Nu, 37, 64; as enemy of the gods, 38; Tiamat and, 106; in Creation legend, 138 et seq.; reference to by Damascius, 328.
Apuatu (ä-pü´ä-tü) (Osiris) as the Patriarch, xxxii.
Arabia, moon worship in, 52; owl a mother ghost in, 70; in Zu bird myth, 74, 75; invaded by Naram Sin, 129; Etana myth in, 166, 167; water of life myth, 186; Sargon 11 and kings of, 458; Sennacherib in, 466.
Arabians, the, of Mediterranean race, 7; Semites of Jewish type and, 7, 10; prehistoric migrations of, 11, 12.
Arad Ea (är-ad-e´ä), "ferryman" of Hades water, 34; Gilgamesh crosses sea of death with, 180 et seq.
Aramæ´ans, migrations of, 359; called "Suti", "Achlame", "Arimi" "Khabiri", and "Syrians", 360; Assyria and the, 367; as allies of Hittites, 377, 378; state of Damascus founded by, 390; Ashur-natsir-pal III and, 398, 399; "mother worship" and, 434; as opponents of sun worship, 445; settled in Asia Minor, 461.
Archer, the Astral, Ashur, Gilgamesh, and Hercules as, 336, 337; robed with feathers, 344; Ashur and San-dan as, 352.
Ardat Lili (ar´dat li-li), a demon lover, 68.
Ardys, King of Lydia, Assyria helps, 486.
Ares, Greek war god, as boar slayer of Adonis, 87, 304.
Argistis I (ar´gist-is), King of Urartu, campaigns of, 441, 442, or, Argistes.
Argistis II of Urartu, raids of Cimmerians and Scythians, 461.
Arioch (ä´ri-ok), the Biblical, Warad-Sin as, 247, 248.
Arithmetic, finger counting in Babylonia and India, 310; development of, 312. Ark, in flood legend, 191 et seq.
Arles money, Babylonian farm labourers received, 256.
Armenia, Thunder god of, 261, 395; goddess Anaitis in, 267. See Urartu.
Armenians, the use of cradle board by, 4, 5; ancestors of, 283.
Armenoid Race, the, in Semitic blend, 10; in Asia Minor, Syria, and Europe, 11, 262; traces of in prehistoric Egypt, 11, 263, 264; in Palestine, 12; culture of, 315.
Arnold, Edwin, xxii.
Arpad (är´pad) in reign of Tiglath-pileser IV, 446, 447.
Arrow, a symbol of lightning and fertility, 337; Ashur's and the goddess Neith's, 337 n. See Archer, the Astral.
Art, magical origin of, 288.
Artaxerxes, 497.
Artemis (är´te-mis), the goddess, lovers slain by, 104; as wind hag, 104; the "Great Bear" myth and, 296.
Artisan gods, Ea, Ptah, Khnumu, and Indra as, 30.
Aruru (ar´ü-rü), the mother goddess, 100, 160, 420; assists Merodach to create mankind, 148; in Gilgamesh legend, 172 et seq.
Aryans (ā´ri-ans), Mitannians as, 269, 270; Kassites and, 270.
Asa, King of Judah, burning at grave of, 350; images destroyed by, 403; appeal for aid to Damascus, 404; death of, 407.
Asari (ä-sä´ri), Merodach as, and Osiris, 159.
Ash´dod, Cyprian King of, 458, 459.
Ashtoreth (äsh-tō´reth), Ishtar and, 100; lovers of, 103; goddesses that link with, 267; worship of at Samaria, 439; also rendered Ash´ta-roth.
Ashur (ä´shur), Asura theory, 278; as Aushar, "water field", the "Holy One", and Anshar, 326; the Biblical patriarch, 327; "Ashir" and Cappadocia, 327; Brahma and, 328; as Creator, 329; bull, eagle, and lion identified with, 330; connected with sun, Regulus, Arcturus, and Orion, 331; King and, 331; Isaiah's parable, 331; as bull of heaven, 334; winged disk or "wheel" of, 334, 335; standard of as "world spine", 335; the archer in "wheel", 335; despiritualization theory, 335, 336; the solar archer as Merodach, Hercules, and Gilgamesh, 336; the arrow of, 337; Babylonian deities and, 337; Babylonian and Persian influences, 338; as god of fertility, &c., 339; Assyrian civilization reflected by, 340; as corn god and war god, 340; the Biblical Nisroch, 341; the eagle and, 343; Ezekiel's references to life wheel, 344 et seq.; fire cult and, 346; Indian wheel symbol, 346, 347; Persian wheel or disk, 347; wheels of Shamash and Ishtar, 347; the Egyptian Ankh, 347; Hittite winged disk, 347, 348; Sandan and, 347, 348; Attis and, 348; son of Ea like Merodach, 348; aided by fires and sacrifices, 351; disk a symbol of life, fertility, &c., 351; the lightning arrow, 352; temples of and worship of, 352; close association of with kings, 352, 353; association of with moon god, 353; astral phase of, 354; Jastrow's view, 354; Pinches on Merodach and Osiris links, 354; as patriarch, corn god, &c., 354, 355; spouse of, 355; a Baal, 355; earthquake destroys temple of, 363; Shalmaneser I obtains treasure for, 366; Esarhaddon builds temple to, 476; Sennacherib murdered in temple of, 470; Ahura Mazda and, 496. See Asshur, the Biblical Patriarch.
Ashur-bani-pal (äshur-bän´i-pal), discovery of library of, xxii, xxiii; doctors and, 231, 232; worship of Ashur and Sin, 353; Merodach restored to Babylon by, 48r, 482; Egyptian campaign, 482; sack of Thebes, 483; emissaries from Gyges of Lydia visit, 483; Shamash-shum-ukin's revolt against, 484; suicide of Shamash-shum-ukin, 485; Lydia aided by, 486; Sardanapalus legend, 486; the Biblical "Asnapper", 487; palace of, 487.
A´shur-dan´ I, of Assyria, 370.
Ashur-dan III, reign of, 442.
Ashur-danin-apli (a´shur-dan-in´apli), revolt of in Assyria, 414, 415.
Ashur-elit-ilani (a´shur-e´lit-il-a ni), King of Assyria, 487, 488.
Ashur-natsir-pal I (a´shur-na´tsir-pal) of Assyria, 369.
Ashur-natsir-pal III, his "reign of terror", 396; conquests and atrocities of, 397, 398; Babylonians over-awed by, 399; death of, 401.
Ashur-nirari IV (a´shur-ni-rä´ri), last king of Assyria's "Middle Empire", 442, 443.
Ashur-uballit (a´shur-u-bäl-lit), King of Assyria, Egypt and, 28,, 282, 285; conquests of, 284; grandson of as King of Babylon, 284; Arabian desert trade route, 360.
Asia Minor, hill god of, 136; prehistoric alien pottery in, 263.
Ass, the sun god as, 329; in Lagash chariot, 330.
"Ass of the East", horse called in Babylonia, 270.
Äs´shur, City of, Ashur the god of, 277; Mitanni king plunders, 280; imported beliefs in, 327; Biblical reference to, 339; development of god of, 355; Merodach's statue deported to, 469.
Äs´shur, the Biblical Patriarch of Assyria, 276, 277, 327. See Ashur.
Assyria, excavations in, xix et seq.; Amorite migration to, 217; Hammurabi kings as overlords of, 419; Thothmes III corresponds with
king of, 276; Biblical reference to rise of, 276, 277; Aryan names of early kings of, 278; Mitanni kings as overlords of, 279, 280; Semitized by Amorites, 279; in Tell-el-Amarna letters, 281, 282; rise of after fall of Mitanni, 284; struggles with Babylonia for Mesopotamia, 284-286; 361 et seq.; the national god, Ashur, 326 et seq.; Isaiah's reference to, 340; Egyptians and Hittites allied against, 366, 368; Old Empire Kings, 366 et seq.; Babylonia controls, 370; character of, 372-375; periods of history of, 375; at close of Kassite period, 380; end of Old Empire, 386; Second Empire of, 391 et seq.; sculpture of and Sumerian, 401; mother worship in, 420 et seq.; Urartu's struggle with, 440-442; end of Second Empire, 443; Third Empire, 444 et seq.; Egypt becomes a province of, 475 et seq.; last king of, 487; fall of Nineveh, 488; Cyaxares rules over, 493.
Astarte (as-tär´te), lovers of, 103; animals of on Lagash vase, 120; goddesses that link with, 267; Semiramis and, 425.
Astrology, basal idea in Babylonian, 317; Babylonian and Grecian, 318 et seq.; literary references to, 325.
Astrology and astronomy, 287 et seq. See Stars, Planets, and Constellations.
Astronomers, eclipses foretold by in late Assyrian period, 321, 322.
Astronomy, Merodach fixes stars, &c., in Creation legend, 147, 148; discovery that moon is lit by sun, 148 n.; Mythical Ages and, 310 et seq.; theory of Greek origin of, 319 et seq.; precession of the equinoxes, 320, 320 n.; Assyro-Babylonian observatories, 320-322; Hittites pass Babylonian discoveries to Europe, 316; in late Assyrian and neo-Babylonian period, 479, 480.
Astyages (as-ty´a-jēz), King of the Medes, Cyrus displaces, 493; wife of a Lydian princess, 494.
Asura fire (ă-shoo´ra), in the sea, 50, 51.
Atargatis (ät-är-gä´tis), the goddess, legend of origin of, 28; as a bi-sexual deity, 267; Derceto and, 277, 426, 427; Nina and, 277, 278.
Ate (ä´te), mother goddess of Cilicia, 267.
Athaliah (ath-a-lī´ah), Queen, of Judah, 409; reign of, 413; Joash crowned, 413; soldiers slay, 413, 414.
Athena (äthe´na), indigenous goddess of Athens, 105; goat and, 337.
Athens, imported gods in, 105.
Atmospheric deities, Enlil, Indra, Ram-man, &c., as, 35; "air of life" from, 48, 49.
Aton, Akhenaton's god, the goddess Mut and, 419, 422.
Attis (ät´tis), the Phrygian god, Tammuz and, 84; death of, 87; as lover of Cybele, 103, 104; deities that link with, 267; as Jupiter, 305; Ashur and, 354-355; symbols of, 348.
Äü-Aä, Jah as Ea, 31.
Australia, star myths in, 296, 300.
Axe, the double, symbol of god, 348.
Azag-Bau (ä´zag bä´ü), legendary queen of Kish, 114; humble origin of, 115.
Azariah (az-a-rī´ah), King of Judah, 449.
Baal, the moon god as, 51; shadowy spouse of, 100; Ashur as, 355; worship of the Phœnician in Israel, 406.
Baal-dag´on, the god, symbols of, 32.
Bä´asha, King of Israel, 403; Damascus aids Judah against, 404, 405.
Bä´ä-ü, the Phœnician mother goddess, 150.
Babbar (bäb´bar), sun god, 125; Nin Girsu and, 132; of Sippar, 240. See Shamash.
Babylon, in early Christian literature, xvii; German excavations at, xxiv; Isaiah foretells doom of, 113, 114, 478; sack of by Gutium, 129; political rise of, 217 et seq.; early history of, 218; Greek descriptions of late city of, 219 et seq.; "hanging gardens" of, 220; date of existing ruins of, 222; marriage market of, 224, 225; sun worship in, 240; the London of Western Asia, 253; return of Merodach from Mitanni to, 272; observatory at, 321; destruction of by Sennacherib, 468, 469; restored by Esarhaddon, 471; Ashur-bani-pal restores Merodach to, 481, 482; Shamash-sum-ukin's revolt in, 484, 485; Belshazzar's feast in, 494, 495; under the Persians, 496; Xerxes pillages Merodach's temple in, 497; Alexander the Great in, 497, 498;
under empire of Seleucidæ, 498; slow death of, 498, 499.
Babylonia, excavations in, xix et seq.; religion of, xxviii, xxxi; debt of modern world to, xxxv; early divisions of, 1 et seq.; harvests of, 21, 22; the two seasons of, 23, 24; rise of empire of; 133; Amorite migration into, 217; Golden Age of, 253; Hittite invasion of, 259; Tell-el-Amarna letters and, 281; early struggles with Assyria, 284-286; star myths of, 290 et seq.; ancestor worship in, 295; beginning of arithmetic in, 310 et seq.; Kassites and Mesopotamia, 358, 359, 361 et seq.; Arabian desert route, 360; influence of Hittites in, 364, 366, 368; Assyria controlled by, 370; Kassite dynasty ends, 370-371; compared with Assyria, 371-375; Tiglath-pileser I and, 385; Ashur-natsir-pal III overawes, 399; Shamshi-Adad VII subdues, 414, 415; Tiglath-pileser IV, the "Pulu" of, 444-446; Esarhaddon and, 471-476; Neo-Babylonian Age, 478 et seq.; Alexander the Great and, 497.
Baghdad railway, following ancient trade route, 357, 357 n.
Balder, the Germanic god, Gilgamesh and, 184; new age of, 202, 203.
Bä-neb-tet´tu, Egyptian god, 29.
Barley, husks of in Egyptian pre-Dynastic bodies, 6.
Barleycorn, John, Nimrod and Icelandic god Barleycorn and, 170, 171.
Barque of Ra, sun as and the Babylonian "boat", 56, 57.
Basques, the, language of and the Sumerian, 3; shaving customs of, 4.
Bäst, the Egyptian serpent mother, 76.
Bä´ta, the Egyptian tale of, 85.
Bats, ghosts as, 65.
Battle, the Everlasting, 65.
Bau (bä´ü), mother goddess, 100; Gula and Ishtar and, 116; in Kish, 114, 126, 127; associated with Nin-Girsu, 115, 116; Tiamat and, 150; doves and, 428; creatrix and, 437.
Bear, as a clan totem, 164.
Bearded gods, the Sumerian, 135, 136, 137; Egyptian customs, 136.
"Beare, the Old Woman of", as the eternal goddess, 101, 102.
Behistun, rock inscription at, xx.
Bel, the, Merodach as, 34; Enlil as the "elder", 35; demons as "beloved sons" of, 63; Zu bird strives to he, 74; in demon war, 77; as son of Ea, 139; decapitated to create mankind, 148; Etana visits heaven of, 166; in Gilgamesh legend, 172; in flood legend, 190 et seq.; Zodiacal "field" of; 307; Sargon II and the "elder", 463.
Bel´-Kap-Kä´pü, King of Babylonia, as overlord of Assyria, 419.
Bel-nirari (bel´-ni-rä´ri), King of Assyria, 285, 286.
Bel-shum-id´din, last Kassite king, 371.
Beli (bā´le), "the Howler", enemy of Germanic corn god, 95.
Belit-sheri (bel-it-she´ri), sister of Tammuz, in Hades, 98, 117.
Belshaz´zar, King of Babylon, over-throw of, 494, 495.
Beltane Day, fire ceremony of, 50.
Beltu (bāl´tü), the goddess, 36, 100.
Ben-ha´dad I, King of Damascus, as overlord of Judah and Israel, 404. Ben-hadad II, Ahab defeats twice, 406, 407; murder of by Hazael, 410. Ben-hadad III, Assyrians overcome, 438, 439.
Beowulf (bā-ō-wülf), brood of Cain in, 80; Scyld myth, 92, 93; sea monsters, 152; mother-monster in like Sumerian and Scottish, 154, 155.
Ber, "lord of the wild boar", Ninip as, 302.
Bero´sus, 27, 30, 83, 148, 164, 170, 198, 466, 470, 492.
Bhima (bhee´ma), the Indian, like Gilgamesh and Hercules, 187.
Birds, as ghosts and fates, 65; owl as mother's ghost, 70; demons enter the, 71; Sumerian Zu bird and Indian Garuda, 74, 75, 168, 169; in Germanic legends, 147 n.; as symbols of fertility, 169; birth eagle, 168, 169, 171; imitation of and musical culture, 238; associated with goddesses, 423 et seq.; fairies as, 429. See Doves, Eagle, Raven, Swan, Vulture, Wry-neck.
Birth, magical aid for, 165; straw girdles, serpent skins, eagle stones, and magi-cal plant, 165.
Bi-sexual deities, Nannar, moon god; Ishtar, Isis, and Hapi as, 161, Nina and Atargatis as, 277, 278;
[paragraph continues] Merodach and Ishtar change forms, 299; Venus both male and female, 299; mother body of moon father, 299; Isis as a male, 299.
Bitumen, Mesopotamian wells of, 25. Blake, W., double vision, 336.
Blood, as vehicle of life, 45, 47, 48; inspiration from, 48; corn stalks as, 55; sap of trees as, 47.
Boann (bō´än), Irish river and corn goddess, 33.
Boar, offered to sea god, 33; demon Set as, 85; Babylonian Ninshach as, 86; Adonis slayer as, 86, 87; Attis slain by, 87; Diarmid slain by, 87; the Irish "green boar", 87; the Totemic theory, 293, 294; Ninip-Ber as lord of the wild, 302; Nergal as, 304; Ares as, 304; Ninip and Set as, 315; the Gaulish boar god and Mercury, 316, 317.
Boghaz-Köi (bog-häz´-keüi), prehistoric pottery at, 5; Hittite capital, 262; mythological sculptures near, 268; Winckler cuneiform tablets from, 280, 367.
Bones, why taken from graves, 214; Shakespeare's curse, 215.
Borsippa (bor´sip-pa), observatory at, 321.
Botta, P. C., excavations of, xix, xx.
Bracelet, the wedding, Ishtar's, 98; the Hindu, 98 n.
Brahmä, the Indian god, like Ea, 27; Anu and, 38; wife of, 101; eagle as, 169; Ashur and, 328.
Brähmans, algebra formulated by, 289; Assyrian teachers and, 352.
Breath of Apis bull, inspiration from, 49.
Britain, the ancestral giant of, 42; Tammuz myth in, 85; birth girdles in, 165; "Island of the Blessed" of, 203; in Egypt and Persia, 357.
Brood of Tiamat, in Creation legend, 141.
Brown, Robert, on Babylonian culture in India, 199, 200, 308, 309, 310, 318, 322.
Brown Race, the. See Mediterranean Race.
Buddha (büd´hă), Babylonian teachers like, 42.
Budge, E. Wallis, on oldest companies of Babylonian and Egyptian gods, 36, 37.
Bull, offered to sea god, 33; Ninip as the, 53, 302, 334; of Mithra, 55; the winged, 41, 65; Osiris as, 85, 89, 99; Tammuz as, 85; Attis and the, 89; Enlil as, 159; of Ishtar in Gilgamesh myth, 176; seers wrapped in skin of, 213; Horus as, 301, 302; as sky god, 329; Ashur as, 334; the lunar, 135, 334.
Burial customs, cremation ceremony, 49, 50, 350; "house of clay", 56; "houses" and charms for dead, 206, 207, 212; Palæolithic and Neolithic, 207; the Egyptian, 209; religious need for ceremonies, 208, 209; Sumerian like early Egyptian, 211, 214; priestly fees, 210, 211; food, fish-hooks and weapons in graves, 212; why dead were clothed, 213; honey in coffins, 214; disturbance of bones, 214, 215; burnings at Hebrew graves, 350, 351.
Buriats, the, "calling back" of ghosts by, 69, 70; earth and air elves of, 105.
Burkans (boor´kans), "the masters", spirits or elves of Siberians, 105.
Burnaburiash I (bür´na-bür´i-ash), Kassite king, 274.
Burns, Robert, 72; the John Barleycorn myth, 170.
Burrows, Professor, Cretan snake and dove goddess, 430.
Byron, star lore, 325.
Cailleach (käl´yăk), the Gaelic, a wind hag, 73; as eternal goddess, 101.
Calah (kä´lah), the Biblical. See Kalkhi.
Calendar, the early Egyptian, 14; the Babylonian, 305.
Cambyses (kam-bī´sēz), as King of Babylon, 495; sacrifice of Apis bull to Mithra by, 495; wife of a Semiramis, 496.
Canaan, Abraham arrives in, 245; tribes in, 245, 246; Elamite conquest of, 247, 248, 249; first reference to Israelites in, 379.
Canaanites, Hittites identified with, 266.
Canals of Ancient Babylonia, 22, 23.
Cappadocia, Cimmerians in, 472.
Captivity, the Hebrew, Chebar river (Kheber canal) at Nippur, 344.
Carchemish (kär´ke-mish), German railway bridge and Hittite wall at, 357 n.; Hittite city state of, 395; revolt of,
[paragraph continues] 461; Nebuchadrezzar defeats Pharaoh Necho at, 489.
Caria (kär´i-ä), assists Lydia against Cimmerians, 484; mercenaries from in Egypt, 486.
Cat, sun god as, 329.
Caucasus, the, skull forms in, 8.
Cave dwellers, the Palestinian, 10.
Celtic goddesses, of Iberian origin, 105.
Celtic water demon myths, 28.
Celts, Achæans and, 377.
Ceres (sē-rēz), 103.
Chaldæ´ans, Babylonian priests called, 222, 497; in Hammurabi Age, 257; history of, 390; Aramæans and, 390; Judah's relations with, 408; Merodach Baladan King of, 457 et seq.; revolt of against Esarhaddon, 471; revolt of against Ashur-bani-pal, 484; Nabo-polassar King of Babylon, 487.
Charms, the burial, 206; ornaments as, 211; the metrical and poetic development, 237--9.
Chedor-laomer (ched´or-lä´o-mer), the Biblical, 247, 248.
Chellean (shel´le-an) flints, in Palestine, 10.
Cherubs, the four-faced, 344.
Child god, Tammuz and Osiris as the, 89, 90; Sargon of Akkad as, 91; Germanic Scyld or Sceaf as, 92, 93.
Children, stolen by hags and fairies, 68; in mother worship, 107, 108.
China, spitting customs in, 47; dragons of, 152; ancestor worship in, 295.
Chinese, language of and the Sumerian, 3.
Chronology, inflated dating and Berlin system, xxiv, xxv.
Cilicia, thunder god of, 261; Ate, goddess of, 267; Hittite Kingdom of, 395; Ionians in, 464; in anti-Assyrian league, 473; Ashur-bani-pal expels Cimmerians from, 484, 486.
Cimmerians, raids of in Asia Minor, 461, 464; Esarhaddon and, 472; Gyges of Lydia and, 483, 484, 486; Lydians break power of, 486.
Clans, Totemic names and symbols of, 293.
Clepsydra, a Babylonian invention, 323.
Clothing, magical significance of, 212; the reed mats and sheepskins in graves, 213; the bull skin, 213; the ephod and prophet's mantle, 213, 214.
Comana (kō-mä´na), Hittite city of, 395.
Constellations, the Zu bird, 74; why animal forms were adopted, 289; the "Great Bear" in various mythologies, 295, 296, 309; the Pleiades, 296, 297; Pisces as "fish of Ea", 296; the "sevenfold one", 298, 300: Merodach's forms, 299; Castor and Pollux myths in Australia, Africa, and Greece, 300; Tammuz and Orion, 301; months controlled by, 305; signs of Zodiac, 305; Babylonian and modern signs, 308; the central, northern, and southern, 309; "Fish of the Canal" and "the Horse", 309; the "Milky Way", 309; identified before planets, 318; Biblical and literary references to, 324, 325; the "Arrow", "Eagle", "Vulture", "Swan", and "Lyra", 336, 337.
Copper, Age of in Palestine, 11; first use of, 12; in Northern Mesopotamia, 25; Gudea of Lagash takes from Elam, 130.
Corn child god, Tammuz and Osiris as, 89, 90; Sargon as, 91; the Germanic Scyld or Scef, 92, 93, 94; Frey and Heimdal as, 94.
Corn Deities, as river and fish gods and goddesses, 29, 32, 33.
Corn god, moon god as, 52; Mithra as, 55; the thunder god as, 57, 340; Tammuz and Osiris as, 81 et seq.; Khonsu as, go; Frey and Agni as, 94; fed with sacrificed children, 171.
Corn goddess, Isis as, 90; fish goddess as, 117.
Cow goddesses, Isis, Nepthys, and Hathor as, 99, 329.
Creation, local character of Babylonian conception, xxix; of mankind at Eridu, 38; legend of, 134, 138 et seq.; night as parent of day, 330.
Creative tears, 45 et seq.
Creator gods, Ea and Ptah as, 30; eagle god as, 169.
Creatress, the goddess Mania as, 57; Aruru as, 100, 148; forms of, 437.
Cremation, traces of in Gezer caves, 11; the ceremony of, 49; not Persian or Sumerian, 50; in European Bronze Age, 316; Saul burned, 350; Sardanapalus legend, 350.
Crete, chronology of, xv, 114; no temples, xxxi; women's s high social status in, 16; Dagon's connection with, 33; prehistoric pottery in, 263
[paragraph continues] Hyksos trade with, 273; Achæans invade, 376, 377; Philistine raiders from, 379; dove and snake sacred in, 430; dove goddess not Babylonian, 433, 434.
Crocodile god of Egypt, 29; sun god as, 329.
Crœsus of Lydia, Cyrus defeats, 494.
Cromarty, the south-west wind hag or, 73.
Cronos, as the Destroyer, 64; Ninip and Set and, 315.
Cuneiform writing, earliest use of, 7.
Cushites, Biblical reference to, 276.
Cuthah (kü´thah), Nergal, god of, 54; annual fires at, 170; the Underworld city of, 205; demon legend of, 215, 216; men of in Samaria, 455, 456.
"Cuthean Legend of Creation", 215, 216.
Cyaxares (sy-ax´är-es), Median King, Nineveh captured by, 488; ally of Nabopolassar, 493.
Cybele (ky-be´le), Attis lover of, 103, 104, 267.
Cyprus, dove goddess not Babylonian, 433, 434; dove goddess of, 426, 427, 433, 434; Ashur-bani-pal and, 484.
Cyrus, Merodach calls, 493; the Patriarch of, 493; the eagle tribe of, 493; Astyages defeated by, 493; Egypto-Lydian alliance against, 494; Nabonidus and, 494; Crœsus of Lydia overthrown by, 494; fall of Babylon, 494, 495; the King of Babylonia, 495; welcomed by Jews, 495; rebuilding of Jerusalem temple, 496.